3. Stoichiometry

What is a Chemical Formula? A chemical formula is a representation of a substance using chemical symbols and numbers, showing which elements are present and how…

What is an Empirical Formula? The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. Compound Molecular Formula…

Word and Symbol Equations A chemical equation represents a reaction, showing the reactants (starting materials, on the left) reacting to form the products (on…

Relative Atomic Mass (A r ) Relative atomic mass (A r ) is the average mass of the isotopes of an element compared to 1/12th the mass of an atom of 12 C. It is…

The Mole and the Avogadro Constant The mole (mol) is the unit for the amount of substance. One mole of any substance contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles -…

The Mole-Mass Relationship The mass of one mole of a substance, in grams, is numerically equal to its relative formula mass (M r ). This value is also called…

Reacting Mass Calculations A balanced equation gives the mole ratio in which substances react. Combining this ratio with M r values lets us calculate the mass…

Concentration of Solutions Concentration is the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution. It can be measured in two ways: Type Units Formula…

Acid-Base Titration A titration finds the exact volume of one solution needed to react completely with a known volume of another - most often used to find the…

Calculating Empirical Formula from Mass Data Given the mass (or percentage by mass) of each element in a compound, the empirical formula can be calculated using…

Percentage Yield The theoretical yield is the maximum mass of product that stoichiometry predicts, assuming every reactant converts perfectly to product. The…