Physics

Measuring Length A ruler looks like the simplest instrument in the lab, but the marks on its scale have width and your eye can view them from the wrong angle.…

Speed Speed tells us how fast an object is moving, it is defined as: Distance covered per unit of time It is a scalar quantity has magnitude but no direction…

Mass Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object at rest relative to the observer mass does not depend on where the object is mass stays the same…

Density Definition & Equation Density (ρ) is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance: density measures how tightly packed the matter within an object…

What Forces Do A force is a push or pull acting on an object Forces can: change the size or shape of an object (e.g. stretching a spring, squashing a ball)…

Energy Stores energy is the capacity to do work, and it exists in different stores energy can be stored as: kinetic - in moving objects gravitational potential…

Pressure pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area Formula: p = (F/A) Where: p = pressure (Pa) F = force (N) A = area (m²) 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 newton…

States of Matter Matter exists in three states: solid , liquid and gas . Each state has its own distinguishing shape, volume, flow and compressibility. Solids…

Thermal Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases When most substances are heated, they expand (get bigger); when they are cooled, they contract (get smaller).…

Methods of Thermal Energy Transfer Thermal energy transfers from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by three methods: conduction,…

Waves and Energy Transfer A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter . As a wave travels through a…

Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave that travels at 3 × 10^8 m/s in a vacuum, and obeys the same reflection, refraction and diffraction rules as other…

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic (EM) waves are transverse waves - oscillating electric and magnetic fields, perpendicular to each other and…

Production and Transmission of Sound Sound is produced by a vibrating source , such as a tuning fork, a loudspeaker cone, a guitar string, or vocal cords The…

Types of Electric Charge There are two types of electric charge: positive (+) and negative (−) Like charges repel two positive charges push apart, and two…

Circuit Symbols Circuit diagrams use standard symbols to represent components - you need to be able to draw and interpret each of these. Standard circuit…

The Heating Effect of Current Whenever an electric current flows through a conductor that has resistance, some electrical energy is converted into heat A larger…

Cells and Batteries Cells and batteries transfer chemical energy into electrical energy A chemical reaction inside the cell forces electrons to flow around a…

Components of the Solar System The Solar System consists of the Sun and all the objects that orbit it. One star: the Sun Eight planets , in order of increasing…

The Sun as a Star The Sun is the closest star to the Earth The Sun is a star of medium size , consisting mostly of hydrogen (~75%) and helium (~24%) It radiates…