Transverse & Longitudinal Waves
Section: Waves | Syllabus: Cambridge IGCSE Physics (0625)
Transverse Waves
In a transverse wave, the direction of vibration of the particles is at right angles (perpendicular) to the direction in which the wave travels (the direction of propagation).
- Direction of vibration: perpendicular to the direction of wave travel
- Key features: crests (peaks) and troughs
- Electromagnetic radiation, water waves and seismic S-waves (secondary) can be modelled as transverse waves
A transverse wave: vibration is perpendicular to the direction of travel
Longitudinal Waves
In a longitudinal wave, the direction of vibration of the particles is parallel to the direction in which the wave travels.
- Direction of vibration: parallel to the direction of wave travel
- Key features: compressions (particles pushed close together) and rarefactions (particles spread apart)
- Sound waves and seismic P-waves (primary) can be modelled as longitudinal waves
A longitudinal wave: vibration is parallel to the direction of travel, producing compressions and rarefactions
Transverse vs Longitudinal Waves - Summary
| Property | Transverse Waves | Longitudinal Waves |
|---|---|---|
| Direction of vibration | Perpendicular to direction of travel | Parallel to direction of travel |
| Key features | Crests (peaks) and troughs | Compressions and rarefactions |
| Can travel through a vacuum? | Electromagnetic waves only | No - a medium of particles is needed |
| Modelled examples | Electromagnetic radiation, water waves, seismic S-waves | Sound waves, seismic P-waves |
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